Digital SAT Reading and Writing Practice Question #655

While researching the effects of dietary supplements on cognitive performance, a student took the following notes: • A 2022 study by Dr. Aris Thorne (Study X) investigated the link between daily caffeine consumption and short-term memory retention. • Study X relied entirely on self-reported dietary questionnaires from a small sample of 35 undergraduate students. • Study X concluded that high caffeine intake improves short-term memory recall by up to 40%. • A 2023 follow-up study by Dr. Lin (Study Y) used a rigorous double-blind, placebo-controlled methodology with 800 diverse adults. • Study Y found no statistically significant correlation between caffeine consumption and memory retention. The student wants to emphasize the methodological limitations of Study X. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?